Online first articles

New Insights into Binary Soft Set Theory: Revisions, Extensions, and Foundations

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21154605

Keywords:

Binary soft set, Binary soft set operations, Binary soft subset

Abstract

The concept of binary soft sets was first introduced by Açıkgöz and Taş (2016). However, certain deficiencies exist in both the fundamental concepts and the operational aspects of their framework. In this study, these shortcomings are addressed by revisiting the foundational concepts of binary soft set theory and updating existing definitions where necessary. Furthermore, several new concepts regarding binary soft sets are introduced. In this context, the definition, examples, and tabular/matrix representations of binary soft sets, the concepts of empty, absolute, and relative null/whole binary soft sets with respect to a fixed parameter set are proposed. This is followed by the introduction of binary soft subsets/supersets, support sets, complements, α,β-intersections/unions, and upper/lower α,β-inclusion sets. Finally, we propose various binary soft set operations, including restricted/extended operations, AND/OR-products, and Cartesian products. To ensure a deeper understanding, all the developed concepts are enriched with illustrative examples.

References

Açıkgöz, A., & Taş, N. (2016). Binary soft set theory. European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 30(2), 1113–1121.

Al Ghour, S. (2023). Between soft θ-openness and soft ω₀-openness. Axioms, 12(3), 311. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms12030311

Al Ghour, S. (2024). Soft homogeneous components and soft products. Fuzzy Information and Engineering, 16(1), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.26599/FIE.2023.9270029

Al-Ghour, S. (2024). Soft ωβ-open sets and their generated soft topology. Computational and Applied Mathematics, 43(4), 209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40314-024-02731-5

Ali, M.I, Feng, F., Liu, X., Min, W. K., & Shabir M. (2009). On some new operations in soft set theory. Computational and Applied Mathematics, 57(9), 1547-1553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2008.11.009

Ali, M. I., Shabir, M., & Naz, M. (2011). Algebraic structures of soft sets associated with new operations, Computational and Applied Mathematics, 61, 2647–2654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.camwa.2011.03.011

Al-Shami, T. M. (2021). Bipolar soft sets: relations between them and ordinary points and their applications. Complexity, 2021, 6621854. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6621854

Anagün, S. S., Atalay, N., Kılıç, Z. & Yaşar, S. (2016). The development of a 21st century skills and competences scale directed at teaching candidates: Validity and reliability study. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 40(40), 160-175.

Atagün, A. O., & Sezer, A. S. (2015). Soft sets, soft semimodules and soft substructures of semimodules. Mathematical Sciences Letters, 4(3), 235-242.

Atagün, A. O., & Sezgin, A. (2018). A new view to near-ring theory: soft near-rings. South East Asian Journal of Mathematics & Mathematical sciences, 14(3), 1-14.

Atagün, A. O., & Sezgin, A. (2022). More on prime, maximal and principal soft ideals of soft rings. New Mathematics and Natural Computation, 18(1), 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793005722500119

Basumatary, B., Wary, N., Saeed, M., & Saqlain, M. (2021). On some properties of plithogenic neutrosophic hypersoft almost topological group. Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, 43(1), 169-179. https://fs.unm.edu/nss8/index.php/111/article/view/1469

Belet Boyacı, Ş. D. & Güner Özer, Ö. (2019). Sınıf öğretmeni adaylarının 21. yüzyıl öğrenen becerileri ve öğretmen adayları yeterlik algıları. Anadolu Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 708–738. https://doi.org/10.18039/ajesi.578170

Benchalli, S. S., Patil, P. G., Dodamani, A. S., & Pradeepkumar, J. (2017). On binary soft topological spaces. International Journal of Applied Mathematics, 30(6), 437–453. https://doi.org/10.12732/ijam.v30i6.1

Cansoy, R. (2018). Uluslararası alanyazında 21. yüzyıl becerileri ve eğitimle ilişkisi: Bir literatür analizi. Yükseköğretim ve Bilim Dergisi, 7(4), 3112-3134. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.494286

Çağman, N., Çitak, F., & Aktaş, H. (2012). Soft int-group and its applications to group theory. Neural Computing & Applications, 2, 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-011-0752-x

Çağman, N., & Enginoğlu, S. (2010). Soft set theory and uni-int decision making, European Journal of Operational Research, 7(2): 848–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2010.05.004

Çalışır, M., Arslan, M., & Özaslan, H. (2023). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin 21. yüzyıl becerilerine yönelik metaforik algılarının incelenmesi. Milli Eğitim Dergisi, 52(1), 701-736. https://doi.org/10.37669/milliegitim.1309350

Çoban, O., Bozkurt, S. & Kan, A. (2019). Eğitim yöneticisi 21. yy. becerileri ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması, Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 27(3), 1059-1071. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.2572

Dalkılıç, O., & Cangul, I. N. (2024). Determining interactions between objects from different universes: (inverse) object interaction set for binary soft sets. Soft Computing, 28(21), 12869–12877. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-024-10318-9

Fujita, T., & Smarandache, F. (2025). A short note for hypersoft rough graphs. HyperSoft Set Methods in Engineering, 3, 1–25, https://doi.org/10.61356/j.hsse.2025.3423

Gulistan, M., Feng, F., Khan, M., & Sezgin, A. (2018). Characterizations of right weakly regular semigroups in terms of generalized cubic soft sets. Mathematics, 6(12), 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/math6120293

Hussain, S. (2019a). Binary soft connected spaces and an application of binary soft sets in decision making problem. Fuzzy Information and Engineering, 11(4), 506–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/16168658.2020.1773600.

Hussain, S. (2019b). On some structures of binary soft topological spaces. Hacettepe Journal of Mathematics and Statistics, 48(3), 644–656. https://doi.org/10.15672/HJMS.2017.536

Hussain, S., & Alkhalifah, M. (2020). An application of binary soft mappings to the problem in medical expert systems. Journal of Applied Mathematics & Informatics, 38(5–6), 533–545. https://doi.org/10.14317/jami.2020.533.

Jana, C., Pal, M., Karaaslan, F., & Sezgi̇n, A. (2019). (α, β)-soft Intersectional with their applications. New Mathematics and Natural Computation, 15(02), 333-350. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793005719500182

Kamacı, H., & Saqlain, M. (2021). n-ary Fuzzy hypersoft expert sets. Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, 43(1), 15. https://fs.unm.edu/nss8/index.php/111/article/view/1470

Khattak, A. M., Haq, Z. U., Burqi, M. Z., & Abdullah, S. (2019). Weak soft binary structures. Journal of New Theory, 26, 64–72.

Khattak, A. M., Ullah, Z., Amin, F., Abdullah, S., Jabeen, S., Khattak, N. A., & Khattak, Z. A. (2018). Soft sub spaces and soft b-separation axioms in binary soft topological spaces. Journal of New Theory, 23, 48–62.

Kholil, M. I., Pant, S., & Dagtoros, K. (2026). Generalizations of determinant divisibility in structured matrices. Optimum Science Journal, (5), 64-73. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18063828

Kočinac, L. D., Al-Shami, T. M., & Çetkin, V. (2021). Selection principles in the context of soft sets: Menger spaces. Soft Computing, 25(20), 12693–12702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-021-06069-6

Kollias, I., Leventides, J., & Papavassiliou, V. G. (2024). On the solution of games with arbitrary payoffs: an application to an over‐the‐counter financial market. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 29(2), 1877–1895. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2758

Kurudayıoğlu, M., & Soysal, T. (2019). 2018 Türkçe dersi öğretim programı kazanımlarının 21. yüzyıl becerileri açısından incelenmesi. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 483-496. https://doi.org/10.31592/aeusbed.621132

Majeed, R. N. (2024). Binary τech soft closure spaces. TWMS Journal of Applied and Engineering Mathematics. 14(2), 683–695.

Maji, P. K., Biswas, R., & Roy, A. R. (2003). Soft set theory. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 45 (1), 555-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0898-1221(02)00216-X

Manikantan, T., Ramasamy, P., & Sezgin, A. (2023). Soft quasi-ideals of soft near-rings. Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 41(3), 565-574. https://doi.org/10.14744/sigma.2023.00062

Manoharan, R. (2024). Exploring quantum and binary soft τ–open sets: Practical applications through soft topologies, ResearchSquare Preprint.2024. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3952730/v1

Metilda, G., & Subhashini, J. (2021a). Some results on fuzzy binary soft point. Space, 1, 589–592.

Metilda, P. G., & Subhashini, J. (2021b) An application of fuzzy binary soft set in decision making problems, Webology,18(6), 3672-3680.

Metilda, P. G., & Subhashini, J. (2021c). Fuzzy binary soft separation axioms and its properties. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1947, 1, 012020. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1947/1/012020

Metilda, P. G., & Subhashini, J. (2022). Remarks on fuzzy binary soft limit points. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 2385, 1,130035. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0070723

Mohamed, S. Y., Tamilselvi, A. S., & Srividhya, G. (2023). Neutrosophic bipolar vague binary topological space. Ratio Mathematica, 50. https://doi.org/10.23755/rm.v50i0.1544

Molodtsov, D. (1999). Soft set theory-first results. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 42(1), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0898-1221(99)00056-5

Nagomi, R. & Shalini, A. F. (2024). Neutrosophic vague binary soft topological spaces. International Journal of Humanities and Sciences, 1(2), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.34256/ijohs126

Nawaz, M., Liu, Y., Ramaswamy, S., Saeed, M. M., & Khattak, A. M. (2025). Analysis of Some Structures in Ternary Soft Topological Spaces. European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 18(1), 5567–5567. https://doi.org/10.29020/nybg.ejpam.v18i1.5567

Pant, S., Dagtoros, K., Kholil, M. I., & Vivas, A. (2024). Matrices: Peculiar determinant property. Optimum Science Journal, (1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11266018

Parvathy, C. R., & Sofia, A. (2024). Binary soft simply* alpha open sets and continuous function. Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 51, 398–410.

Patil, P. G., & Adaki, A. G. (2023). Results on binary soft topological spaces. Ratio Mathematica, 48, 136-148. https://doi.org/10.23755/rm.v48i0.1136

Patil, P. G., & Bhat, N. N. (2020). New separation axioms in binary soft topological spaces. Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 44, 775–783.

Patil, P. G., & Bhat, N. N. (2021). Binary soft locally closed sets. Malaya Journal of Matematik, 9(2), 83–90. http://doi.org/10.26637/mjm0903/003

Patil, P. G., & Bhat, N. N. (2023). Some properties and characterizations of binary soft functions. Southeast Asian Bulletin of Mathematics, 47(3), 381-392.

Pei, D., & Miao, D. (2005). From soft sets to information systems. In: Proceedings of Granular Computing. IEEE, 2, 617-621. https://doi.org/10.1109/GRC.2005.1547365

Remya, P. B., & Shalini, A. F. (2018). Vague binary soft sets and their properties. International Journal of Engineering, Science and Mathematics, 7(11), 56–73.

Riaz, M., Hashmi, M. R., Karaaslan, F., Sezgin, A., Shamiri, M. M. A. A., & Khalaf, M. M. (2023). Emerging trends in social networking systems and generation gap with neutrosophic crisp soft mapping. CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering and Sciences, 136(2), 1759-1783. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmes.2023.023327

Saleh, H. Y., Salih, A. A., Asaad, B. A., & Mohammed, R. A. (2023). Binary bipolar soft points and topology on binary bipolar soft sets with their symmetric properties. Symmetry, 16(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16010023.

Sezgin, A., & İlgin, A. (2024). Soft intersection almost ideals of semigroups. Journal of Innovative Engineering and Natural Science, 4(2), 466-481. https://doi.org/10.61112/jiens.1464344

Sezgin, A., & İlgin, A. (2024). Soft intersection almost subsemigroups of semigroups. International Journal of Mathematics and Physics, 15(1), 13-20. https://doi.org/10.26577/ijmph.2024v15i1a2

Sezgin, A., İlgin, A., & Atagün, A. O. (2024). Soft intersection almost tri-bi-ideals of semigroups. Science & Technology Asia, 29(4) 1-13. https://doi.org/10.61356/j.scin.2024.1414

Sezgin, A., & Karamustafaoğlu, O. (2026). Binary extended theta operation of binary soft sets. Decision Making and Analysis, 4(1), 10–23. https://doi.org/10.55976/dma.42026152210-23

Sezgin, A., & Sarıalioğlu, M. (2024). Complementary extended gamma operation: A new soft set operation. Natural and Applied Sciences Journal, 7(1), 15-44. https://doi.org/10.38061/idunas.1482044

Sezgin, A, & Şenyiğit, E. (2025). A new product for soft sets with its decision-making: Soft star-product. Big Data and Computing Visions, 5(1), 52–73. https://doi.org/10.22105/bdcv.2024.492834.1221

Sezgin, A., Yavuz, E., & Özlü, Ş. (2024). Insight into soft binary piecewise lambda operation: A new operation for soft sets. Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43994-024-00187-1

Sivasankari, H., & Subhashini, J. (2024). Intuitionistic fuzzy binary soft sets and its properties. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 17(35), 3636–3642. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v17i35.1161

Subhashini, J., & Metilda, P. G. (2022). A note on fuzzy binary soft separation axioms. In: AIP Conference Proceedings.2385, 130012. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0070744

Yalçın, S. (2018). 21st century skills and tools and approaches that are used to measure these skills. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences (JFES), 51(1), 183-201. https://doi.org/10.30964/auebfd.405860

Downloads

Published

03.07.2026

How to Cite

Sezgin, A., Soylu, M. S., & Stojanović, N. (2026). New Insights into Binary Soft Set Theory: Revisions, Extensions, and Foundations. Optimum Science Journal. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21154605

Issue

Section

Articles